The E-Sylum v10#20, May 20, 2007

[esylum at binhost.com]

Welcome to The E-Sylum: Volume 10, Number 20, May 20, 2007:
an electronic publication of the Numismatic Bibliomania Society.
Copyright (c) 2007, The Numismatic Bibliomania Society.


WAYNE'S WORDS: THE E-SYLUM 20 MAY, 2007

Among our recent subscribers is F. Carl Braun.  Welcome aboard!  
We now have 1,113 subscribers.

As noted last week, this issue is being published early due to your 
editor's relocation to London, England.  So get used to it, and be 
prepared for occasional deviations due to travel.   I'm settled here 
quite well now.  Many thanks to all the locals who have come forth 
with offers of visits.  I'll be in touch soon and apologize to them 
and anyone else if I haven't replied to email in the past few days.  
My ISP back in the states is having some difficulties (again), and 
I haven’t been getting incoming mail to whomren at coinlibrary.com.  
Once the floodgates open I may discover some additional E-Sylum 
submissions.

I hope to see some numismatic sites on my visit, although so far 
about all I've seen is the outside of the Tower Mint and Spink's.  
I'm getting used to using the local coins and paper money, and 
naturally I'm setting some aside for my kids as souvenirs of my 
trip.  Finding nice examples of some denominations has been difficult 
so far; my first impression of the coins here is that they seem 
shopworn compared to the coins in the U.S.  The one pound coin in 
particular seems well worn.  Without a comparable banknote the pound 
coin is a real workhorse.

This week we open with a look at the contents of the next issue of 
our print journal, The Asylum.  Next up is word of a new book on 
images of slavery in Confederate and Southern States Currency, and 
a limited edition of the Roman Gold Coin Price Yearbook.  

In the news this week, a bomb scare empties a U.S. Mint facility, 
and the B.E.P. announces a new anticounterfeiting technology.  In 
the numismatic research department, Hugh Shull is looking for images 
of rare varieties and errors of Confederate currency, and readers 
come forth with information on  artist and engraver John Casilear. 
To learn how to order Canada's new million-dollar gold coin, read 
on. Have a great week, everyone.

Wayne Homren
Numismatic Bibliomania Society


LATEST ASYLUM ISSUE ON THE WAY TO NBS MEMBERS

David Yoon, Editor of our print journal, The Asylum, reports that 
the next issue (volume 25, number 1) is at the printers and should 
be arriving in member mailboxes soon.  The contents include:

* Joel Orosz - William Byrd II and the First Numismatic Library 
   in North America 
* George Kolbe - Joseph Florimond Loubat: A Bibliographical Addendum 
* W. David Perkins - The de Coppet Hoard of Early Silver Dollars
* John Adams - Book Review: The Medallic History of the United States 
   of America, by J. F. Loubat 
* Candidates for the 2007 Election of Officers for the Numismatic 
   Bibliomania Society

[While The E-Sylum is free to all, The Asylum is available only to 
members of the Numismatic Bibliomania Society.  To join, see the 
information at the end of each E-Sylum issue.  There is a membership 
application available on our web site.  To join, print the application 
and return it with your check to the address printed on the 
application. Membership is only $15 to addresses in the U.S., $20 
elsewhere. -Editor]

To print the NBS membership allocation, go to:
http://www.coinbooks.org/club_nbs_member_app.html 


NEW BOOK: IMAGES OF SLAVERY IN CONFEDERATE AND SOUTHERN STATES CURRENCY

Larry Gaye writes: "At the recent ANA National Money Show in Charlotte 
I walked by the table of Gresham's Coins, Stamps & Medals owned by 
Sherrod Gresham of Nightdale, North Carolina and noticed an excellent 
patch of color in the form of the book 'Confederate Currency The Color 
of Money, Images of Slavery in Confederate and Southern States Currency'. 

"It is a book about the images of slaves that graced Confederate 
Currency.  The artist is John W. Jones and this is his work of love. 
Mr. Jones has painted full color images of the subjects of each note.  
The book illustrates each note with his work in juxtaposition for 
comparison.  The Color of Money is truly colorful and full of life, 
a must-have for every numismatic bibliophile or for that matter 
anyone interested in this period of history. 

"Sherrod Gresham can be reached at greshamcoins at hotmail.com and their 
web site is www.greshamcoins.com.  I did not see anything about the 
book on their site, however I can just about guarantee he will happily 
sell you the book."

[In the 20 August 2006 issue of The E-Sylum we profiled Jones in an 
item about an exhibit of his artwork at the Franklin G. Burroughs-Simeon 
B. Chapin Art Museum in Myrtle Beach.  -Editor]

To view a description of the Jones exhibit, see:
http://www.myrtlebeachartmuseum.org/MyrtleBeachArtMuseum-Exhibition20.htm 


ROMAN GOLD COIN PRICE YEARBOOK AVAILABLE

Editor Morten Eske Mortensen writes: "Following a number of enquiries 
from professional market players the owners of the publishing rights 
have agreed to produce an extremely strictly distributed minor number 
of the 'Roman GOLD Coin Price Yearbook 1997/2006'.  The printing run 
will not be allowed to exceed 150 copies.  The planned release date 
is around August 2007.

"The 2006 edition includes an estimated 9.000 auction results extracted 
from around 1.100 international public auctions held world wide in the 
10 full calendar years 1996 through 2005. An impressive 75+ major 
auction houses are covered. All results converted to USD. Phone: 
+45 39 29 07 23 email: mem at image.dk"

To view a sample page of the RCPY 2006 GOLD coin edition, see:
http://home.worldonline.dk/mem/info/roman2006USdemo.htm 
 
For exact listing of auction catalogues presently included, see:
http://home.worldonline.dk/mem/info/demodatabankROMANcatlist.htm


ASHTRAY MEDAL ARTICLE PUBLISHED

Sam Pennington writes: "We have just added an article on ashtray 
medals to the Maine Antique Digest web site. We describe the medals, 
list all known and illustrate twenty-four of them in big pictures. 
Thanks to those who responded to our E-Sylum request. If anyone knows 
of a medal we missed, please let us know. We have limited the definition 
to ashtray medals signed by known sculptors. So far we have found 
medals by Paul Manship, Sidney Waugh, and Chester Beach."

[For those who missed our earlier discussion, here's the article's 
opening paragraph: "A little-known category in the medals collecting 
field is the ashtray medal. Ranging from three and a half inches in 
diameter up to 8 inches, they look like oversized art medals. They 
are now sometimes called "deep dishes" because smoking is so out of 
fashion."

Be sure to check out the article - it's very well done and the 
illustrations are marvelous.  What great medals!  -Editor]

To read the complete article, see:
http://www.maineantiquedigest.com/medals/medalscolumn4.htm

  MANSHIP MEDALLIC ASHTRAYS MADE BY MEDALLIC ART COMPANY
  http://www.coinbooks.org/esylum_v10n12a12.html


WHITMAN OFFERS BOWERS OBSOLETE PAPER MONEY BOOK TO CLUB LIBRARIES

Larry Gaye writes: "As president of the Pacific Northwest Numismatic 
Association (PNNA) and immediate past president of the Willamette Coin 
Club (WCC) I recently received a letter with an offer from Whitman 
Publishing offering clubs '...in association with John Albanese...a 
complimentary copy of this book (Q.David Bowers) Obsolete Paper Money 
Issued by Banks in the United States, 1782-1866.'  The books were 
sent out POST PAID and our clubs (PNNA and WCC) received this great gift.  

"I want to thank, John Albanese, Q. David Bowers and Mary Counts, 
President of Whitman Publishing for this extraordinary gift.  The book 
is well done and a pleasure to look at, the reading will come later.  
As soon as I received the WCC's copy I had to open it and peruse; it 
is a joy to the eye.  Printed in high quality full color you cannot put 
it down until viewing every page, I can't wait to read it.  

"The offer was made for a 'limited time' I strongly urge every club to 
contact Whitman if they haven't received the offer and order the book 
for their club libraries.  It is a truly magnificent gift."


BOMB SCARE AT U.S. MINT IN DENVER

According to a Denver Post report published 15 May, "Denver police 
bomb technicians rushed to the U.S. Mint [Tuesday] when a man passing 
the building left a walkie-talkie that security guards mistook for 
bomb. 

"The unidentified man and a friend were handcuffed and detained while 
a bomb technician in a green protective suit and helmet approached 
the walkie-talkie. 

"'The bomb squad disrupted it. It was not a bomb. It was not an 
explosive device,' said U.S. Mint spokeswoman Ellen Casey. 

"The bomb technicians finished their work within about 30 minutes, 
and Mint officials returned to a staff meeting."

To read the complete article, see:
http://test.denverpost.com/lacrosse/ci_5901576 


NEW U.S. $100 BILL TO INCLUDE MOTION(TM) TECHNOLOGY

In his Tuesday blog George Cuhaj of Bank Note Reporter revealed 
the latest counterfeiting measure being adopted by the Crane Paper 
Company, supplier to the U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing.  
He wrote: "The BEP has told us long ago that the $1 and $2 will 
not be redesigned. It has already been announced that 2008 will 
see a new design for the $5. matching the 10-20-50 with color and 
a off-center, larger head. That just left the $100 for a make-over. 
Well, slowly, information on that makeover is coming to light. 

"The new security feature that Crane has developed is called Motion™ 
and this has recently been introduced on the new Swedish 1000 Krone 
note issued this year. You may view it at the Rigsbank website: 
http://www.riksbank.com/templates/Page.aspx?id=20647 

"The Motion™ technology can be found at the Crane AB website: 
http://www.crane.se/site.aspx?id=570   

"We think that the Benjamin Franklin and Independence Hall designs 
will remain on the 100, but what will be the emblem of freedom, or 
the object in the Motion™ security device
that is not public 
information yet..." 

To read George's complete blog post, see:
http://www.numismaticnews.net/currency/New+100+Bill+To+Include+Motion.aspx


BANK NOTE REPORTER ARTICLES ONLINE

In his Thursday blog, Dave Kranz writes: "Something new with the 
June issue of Bank Note Reporter, which should reach most subscribers 
within the next week, is a stepped-up effort to point out that we're 
also putting information online. 

"For example, George Cuhaj blogged Tuesday that a new holographic 
technology called Motion™ will be used in the next U.S. $100 bill. 
That news is in BNR. But we learned of it too close to deadline to 
include a long story. 

"Rather than waiting a month for the next BNR, though, you can read 
a story on the topic by former Bureau of Engraving and Printing 
Director Robert J. Leuver. It's available right now at the BNR Web site."

To read Dave's complete blog post,
see:http://www.numismaticnews.net/watermark/Web+Enhances+June+BNR.aspx  

To read the article, see:
http://tinyurl.com/2nsypd 


HUGH SHULL SEEKS INFORMATION ON CONFEDERATE PAPER MONEY

Dennis Tucker of Whitman Publishing forwarded this press release on 
Hugh Shull's request for information for his planned book on 
Confederate paper money:

"A Guide Book of Confederate Currency is scheduled to be released 
in 2008, and author Hugh Shull is seeking information and images 
from collectors.

"“I have scans of the finest known set of Confederate States notes 
ever put together,” said Shull. “What I’m looking for now is images 
of rare varieties, errors such as mismatched serial numbers and 
inverted backs, rare watermarks, and any other unusual CSA notes.”

"Collectors and numismatists who have access to such pieces may 
contact Shull by telephone (803-996-3660) or by mail (PO Box 2522, 
Lexington, SC 29071). Contributors will be acknowledged in the book.

"A Guide Book of Confederate Currency will be the authoritative 
guide to paper money issued by the Confederate States of America, 
from the early days of secession into the war years. Following the 
formula of Whitman Publishing’s Southern States Currency (2007), 
also by Shull, it will combine the author’s first-hand knowledge 
of today’s market with historical text by researcher Wendell Wolka. 
Features include detailed descriptions, hundreds of full-color 
images, and valuations in multiple grade levels. A mid-2008 
release is scheduled."


THOUGHTS ON PRIVATE ISSUE MONEY

George Selgin writes: "I thought I might make a couple observations 
in regard to Dick Johnson's very interesting remarks concerning 
implications of private coins and banknotes.

"Although historical experience support's most of Dick's claims, 
in two cases it appears to contradict them.

"First, while Dick writes that allowing coins to be issued by 
private persons would cause the U.S. Mint to 'become the largest 
custom minter in the world,' my own reading of experience (and of 
British experience in particular) suggests that private mints might 
well prove more efficient than their more bureaucratic rival, and 
so might drive it out of business unless the government props it 
up with subsidies.

"Dick also writes that 'The currency issued by a bank that defaulted 
would have to be accepted by all other banks, otherwise the public 
would not accept any bank's currency. Or the banks would have to 
form their own insurance plan.'

"While it is true that past note-issuing banks generally agreed to 
accept their rivals' notes, they typically did so only so long as 
the issuers were in good standing.  Notes of banks in default were 
occasionally accepted as a courtesy--and as a low-cost way to capture 
a piece of the currency market that was up-for-grabs.  But for banks 
to have had a standing policy of accepting notes of failed rivals 
would have been suicidal, as it would have exposed them, and the 
entire banking and currency system, to individual bank failures.  
So note holders did bear some risk.  But this did not prevent 
competitively-supplied banknotes from gaining the public's trust.  
In some places, indeed (Canada and Scotland come most to mind), 
banknotes were generally much preferred to pesky silver or gold 
coins!"

Jørgen Sømod writes: "Yes and all this extra money would lead to 
hyperinflation and your government would either have to ask for 
more taxes or to introduce a total planned economy as in the 
German Third Reich.

"In my opinion numismatists in general have misunderstood Gresham's 
Law, which students and newcomers so often refer to. Gresham, who 
lived in England, had not the problem with bad coins from neighbor 
countries. Even if much better coins with a higher value were 
introduced, it would always be worse than before, because the public 
has to pay an agio to use the new coins. There is only one to pay. 
And it is never the state."
 
[Agio is a word describing the premium or discount associated with 
money exchange.  I'm living this day-to-day now as I watch the dollar/
pound exchange rate fluctuate. -Editor]

  To read the Wikipedia entry for Agio, see:
  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agio 


CONGRESSIONAL MEDAL FOR ORGAN DONORS? 
 
"Great idea. Wrong name. The U.S. Congress is considering creating 
a new medal for honoring organ donors or their families. They might 
even place the portrait of a former Congressman, William Frist, on 
the medal. Excellent. In private practice Dr. Frist is a heart and 
lung transplant surgeon in Tennessee and observes first hand the 
benefits of organ donations. 
 
"Just don't call the new award a 'Congressional Medal.'
 
"Why? Congress already has two classes of 'Congressional medals' and 
this has led to confusion ever since 1862 when the Congressional Medal 
of Honor law was enacted. It is a military decoration for exception 
valor. The other is a class of medals that dates back to 1790 when 
Congress authorized Benjamin Franklin to obtain a medal for George 
Washington from the Paris Mint. These Congressional medals --  and 
the term -- have been confused ever since.
 
"Congress has the right, privilege and duty to issue medals. It has 
done this over 300 times (although some of these are automatic as 
in series, like medals for presidents, secretaries of the treasury, 
directors of the mint, and such). Some individual medals required 
special Congressional legislation to honor such recipients as the 
Wright Brothers, Charles Lindberg, Jonas Salk, even Bob Hope. These 
are true 'Congressional medals.'
 
"It would be unwieldy for Congress to administer such a medal program. 
Imagine passing a new law for each such recipient. Let some prominent 
organization administer it, perhaps the National Kidney Foundation. 
Congress could, however, name the medal for organ donors the 'Frist 
Medal' after Dr. Frist. Then it would be a double honor to receive 
the First Frist Medal." 
 
To read the article, see:
http://www.scrippsnews.com/node/22651


MORE INFORMATION ON JOHN CASILEAR

Roger Anderson writes: "Regarding the information posted by David 
Gladfelter in vol.10, #19 on John Casilear, the self-portrait he 
mentions coming from the Foster Wild Rice article "Antecedents of 
the American Bank Note Company of 1859" is one I have been searching 
for a good while. From information I obtained at the Frick Art 
Reference Library in New York City, I believe this painting along 
with portraits of the artist's father, John Casilear, and wife, Helen 
Howard Casilear, were all owned by Dr. Glenn Jackson, a well known 
numismatist and Watertown, CT dentist. Dr. Jackson died in 1989, 
and I have been unable to date to determine if this painting(s) 
were sold prior to this or bequeathed as part of his estate to 
family members.

"As far as the Casilear 'A Sybyl' engraving goes, I own two versions 
of it: one from the originally published American Art-Union litho of 
it given to AAU subscribers in 1847, and a second reprinted version 
from the 1880's. Please thank Mr. Gladfelter for his additional 
reference to the bank note and for the other information sent along.  
Thanks for everyone's continued assistance."

Anne Bentley adds: "Regarding John Casilear's self portrait, that 
one seems to have disappeared into private hands, but Thomas Prichard 
Rossiter's 1851 portrait of Casilear was part of the National Academy 
of Design Collection in 1971, and likely still is.  The Smithsonian 
also lists their own uncataloged collection (size unspecified) of 
papers relating to him.

The New-York Historical Society owns a cameo portrait of Asher B. 
Durand made when he and Casilear were wintering with friends in 
Italy in 1840.

In the art world, Casilear is known as a very talented member of 
the Hudson River School, so is included in innumerable exhibits 
and catalogs on the subject.  A simple Google search will net all 
kinds of color images of his paintings in permanent collections.  
It would be interesting to see if Casilear used his painting/
watercolor sketches as fodder for his banknote vignettes."

For the Smithsonian inventory of Rossiter's portrait of Casilear, see:
http://tinyurl.com/2j46vu

For the Smithsonian inventory of uncataloged Casilear papers, see:
http://tinyurl.com/36xnp3

For the New-York Historical Society's Durand cameo, see
http://tinyurl.com/2jtog2 

[Many thanks to David Gladfelter and Anne Bentley for their 
assistance with Roger Anderson's research on John Casilear.   
Uncovering new information from previously untapped resources is 
what the best numismatic research is all about.  The Internet and 
forums like The E-Sylum are making this task far easier than ever 
before. -Editor]


SAMUEL ERNST MEETS ERIC NEWMAN

In more news from the recent Central States Numismatic Society 
convention, congratulations to E-Sylum subscriber Samuel Ernst who 
was a co-winner of the CSNS Daniel J. Parker Junior Literary award 
for his article about the Cheerios Sacagawea dollar.  

He writes: "I also got to meet Eric Newman.  He was great!  And it 
was a real honor to meet someone like him.  I think numismatics is 
about the coolest thing a person could do."

Here's a link to a picture that Rick Snow took at the awards breakfast: 
http://forums.collectors.com/messageview.cfm?catid=26&threadid=586091 

[I'm sure most E-Sylum readers will concur with Samuel's observation 
on numismatics.  It's great fun indeed, and one of the most rewarding 
things about it is the opportunity to meet fellow collectors and 
researchers.  Like Samuel, I was quite pleased to meet Eric Newman 
and enjoy his company. My meeting took place a number of years ago 
in St. Louis, where Eric was so kind as to provide me and some friends 
visiting the Early American Coppers convention a tour of his earlier 
Money Museum and numismatic library. -Editor]


CENTRAL STATES EXHIBIT REPORTS

Numismatic Bibliomania Society President Pete Smith was also at the 
Central States show in St. Louis.  He writes: "While I was there I 
got a quick look at the exhibit of short snorters. I also spoke briefly 
with Neil Shafer, who placed the exhibit."

"The exhibit that should be most interesting to members of the NBS 
was on Frank Dewette Andrews and placed by Steve Carr."

[Andrews authored "An Arrangement of United States Copper Cents, 
1816-1857", first published in 1883. -Editor]


RECORD SILVER AND GOLD HAUL RECOVERED FROM SHIPWRECK OFF CORNWALL

Yesterday the BBC News reported on Odyssey Marine Exploration's 
latest announcement:

"A record haul of half a million silver and gold coins from a 17th 
Century shipwreck may have been found just 40 miles from Land's End, 
an expert said. US treasure hunters said the coins, worth an estimated 
$500m (£253m), were recovered in the Atlantic Ocean. 

"In 1641, an English ship called the Merchant Royal sank off the 
Scilly Islands, laden with bullion from Mexico. There is speculation 
that this is the wreck salvaged by Odyssey. 

"'The gold coins are almost all dazzling mint state specimens,' 
Odyssey co-founder Greg Stemm said. 

"The artefacts, including more than 17 tonnes of silver coins plus 
a few hundred gold coins, have been shipped to the US and are being 
examined by experts at an undisclosed location. 

"The mammoth haul was salvaged using a tethered underwater robot." 

To read the complete article, see:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/cornwall/6671975.stm

[The article quoted Lane Brunner of the American Numismatic Association 
on the location of the wreck.  Although Odyssey did not disclose the 
location in this latest release, Lane pointed out that in a statement 
given to a US federal court last autumn, 

"They told a judge at that point that they had found the wreck of 
a seventeenth-century merchant ship in the Atlantic Ocean, just outside 
the English Channel - about 40 miles off Lands' End.

"So all we can do is add two and two together. It would seem logical 
given the timing and everything that could be the site."  -Editor]


DOLLAR COIN COMMENTARY: JUST AS POPULAR AS EVER

An article in the Saturday Providence Journal illustrates the uphill battle
the U.S. Mint has in getting the public to accept the new dollar coins.

"After at least four previous failed introductions, the coin dollar is back.
And it’s just as popular as ever.

"“I don’t want the stupid thing,” said Ed Mullen of Warwick, who wrote a
letter to the editor of the Providence Journal when he recently received a
coin dollar as change."

"Coin dollars are heavier and bulkier than paper dollars. As long as paper
dollars are used, according to Ken Podrat, owner of Podrat Coin Exchange, a
coin shop on Providence’s East Side, the coin dollar won’t be. “Every other
country in the world has figured that out: France, Canada and England,” he
said."

"Apparently the average, non-coin-collecting American isn’t excited about
the dollar coins.

"Mullen, for example, wants no part. A couple of weeks ago he conducted a
cash transaction in a post office and a received a dollar coin as change.

"“I rejected it. I said, ‘No, give me a dollar bill. Take this thing back.’
The clerk said, ‘Oh, you, too.’ ”"

To read the complete article, see:
http://tinyurl.com/3cjup3 


MALTA WILL GROW TO SIX TIMES ITS SIZE (ON COINS, AT LEAST)

When Malta adopts the euro on 1 January 2008, the tiny Mediterranean 
island will get an unexpected boost.

"New euro coins and notes show Malta to be much bigger than it actually 
is, The Times newspaper reported Monday, because the island is too small 
for the minting machines to show it on the same scale as other euro 
zone countries.

"As a result Malta, which is only 27 km (17 miles) long, is shown to 
be as large as Corsica, which is 183 km (114 miles) long."

To read the complete Reuters article, see:
http://tinyurl.com/2ofn6m 


HOW TO ORDER CANADA'S MILLION-DOLLAR GOLD COIN

In the 15 May edition of the C.N.A. E-Bulletin of the Canadian 
Numismatic Association, editor John Regitko discussed his test of 
the Royal Canadian Mint's ordering department.  He wrote:

"You’ll never guess what I did
and I kid you not! I called the Royal 
Canadian Mint’s order desk and asked the lady that answered the phone, 
Vicky, if I could order one of the $1 million gold coins over the 
telephone. I thought she would either turn me down flat, hang up the 
phone, or refer me to another department that handles gold bullion. 
“Sure,” she answered. It would be two-point-something million and that 
she would have to check the price. Obviously, pricing is not specified 
on her price list. Neither is it on the Mint’s Website. I stated that 
I would, no doubt, have to charge it on a Platinum Visa credit card. 
“No problem” for Vicky. I wondered if they worked on commission or 
some bonus incentive, but didn’t bother asking (that’s a column for 
another day)."


FEATURED WEB PAGE: CURRENCY IN SAMUEL PEPYS' DIARIES

This week's featured web page discusses currency units mentioned in 
the 17th century London diary of Samuel Pepys.  A commentary by Glyn 
Thomas discusses the usage of tavern tokens in Pepys' day:

"For many decades and through much of Pepys’ life there was a severe 
shortage of small change in England - it wasn’t worth the government’s 
efforts to make these low-value coins in sufficient quantities. As a 
result, many of the taverns and coffee houses made their own tokens 
which they handed out in small change (usually worth a 1/4 penny (a 
farthing) or a 1/2 penny). Technically this was illegal but 
successive governments let it go. 

"The tokens could be used in the places where they were made, and 
usually in the shops in the immediate neighbourhood because they could 
take them back to the tavern; but the farther away you were, the less 
likely they were to be accepted as being good money.

"On the back of the coins are usually a combination of the value (e.g. 
1/2 penny), the street the tavern is in, perhaps the landlords name, 
and the date.

"But most people still couldn’t read, so on the front was usually a 
depiction of the symbol on the pub sign - so illiterate people could 
find the pub that made that particular token.

"I understand Pepys never mentioned these little almost worthless 
tokens in his diaries although he probably had some in his pocket 
on most days: it makes you wonder what things that are obvious to 
us in our own time will be mysterious to people 300 years from now."

http://www.pepysdiary.com/p/316.php 


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promoting numismatic literature. For more information please 
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